What is Anaphylaxis?

Anaphylaxis is the name for a severe and often sudden allergic reaction. It can happen when someone with allergies (e.g. food allergy) is exposed to something they’re allergic to.  

Reactions usually begin within minutes of being exposed and rapidly worsen. Anaphylaxis is potentially life-threatening and is a medical emergency.

Anaphylaxis can cause swelling of the airways, breathing difficulties, and severe circulation problems. If you think you, or someone you know, is having an anaphylactic reaction, you should call 999 immediately for help.

Anaphylaxis Triggers

There are various possible triggers of anaphylaxis such as food, medicines, and venom from insect stings. Although in some cases of anaphylaxis, the cause is hard to identify.

The most commonly implicated medicines in anaphylaxis in the UK are anaesthetics, antibiotics (like penicillin), aspirin, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Commonly implicated food triggers include:

• Nuts
• Peanuts
• Sesame seeds
• Mustard
• Milk
• Fish
• Eggs
• Crustaceans
• Celery

Anaphylaxis Treatments

You should always call 999 if you think you, or someone else, has symptoms of anaphylaxis. In a hospital, you may be given adrenaline, oxygen, fluids, steroids and antihistamine medication for the management of anaphylaxis. 

Adrenaline auto-injectors are devices that contain adrenaline that can be easily injected during an anaphylactic emergency. They can help stop an anaphylactic reaction from progressing and becoming life-threatening. An adrenaline auto-injector should be used as soon as you suspect a serious reaction.

Common brands of auto-injectors include EpiPen, Jext, and Emerade. The instructions for use are slightly different for each brand. You should make sure that you’re familiar with how to use your auto-injector. 

You should carry 2 injectors at all times. The reason for this is you may have to inject a second dose of adrenaline 5-15 minutes after the first dose if symptoms don’t improve. 

The anaphylaxis adrenaline dose is different for people of different ages. For adults or children over 12 years old, the recommended dose of adrenaline in anaphylaxis is 500 micrograms. This can be repeated after 5 minutes if symptoms haven’t improved.

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction include airway problems like difficulty swallowing, a swollen tongue, and vocal changes. There may also be breathing problems such as wheezing, noisy breathing, and difficulty breathing. It can also cause clammy skin, lightheadedness, confusion, loss of consciousness and a severe drop in blood pressure. It can also cause a rash and skin swelling (such as the lips and face).